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	<title>Economic Security &#8211; Espacios Abiertos</title>
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	<title>Economic Security &#8211; Espacios Abiertos</title>
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		<title>Blog &#8211; A Glance at the Latest Earned Income Tax Credit Data in Puerto Rico (2023)</title>
		<link>https://espaciosabiertos.org/blog-a-glance-at-the-latest-earned-income-tax-credit-data-in-puerto-rico-2023/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Daniel Santamaría Ots]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 05 Apr 2024 15:33:23 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Blog]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pobreza y desigualdad]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Crédito por trabajo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Earned Income Tax Credit]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Economic Security]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EITC]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Seguridad Económica]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://espaciosabiertos.org/?p=15333</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="wpb-content-wrapper"><section class="l-section wpb_row height_medium"><div class="l-section-h i-cf"><div class="g-cols type_default"><div class="vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column vc_column_container"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div class="wpb_text_column "><div class="wpb_wrapper"><strong>Introduction and history of the Earned Income Tax Credit in Puerto Rico</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is a social welfare program aimed at reducing poverty through work incentives.</li>
<li>The EITC, which was developed by the federal government in the mid-1970s, has proven to be very effective in incentivizing citizens to join the formal workforce, increasing the labor force participation rate, and reducing poverty in multiple U.S. jurisdictions.</li>
<li>Despite poverty and challenges in labor force participation, Puerto Rico has always lacked access to the federal EITC program.</li>
<li>In 2006, Puerto Rico did bet on a local EITC program that remained in effect from 2007 to 2013. During its final year, some 506,000 families received the credit’s benefits. The Puerto Rico government invested $152 million in local funds for an average credit of $300.</li>
<li>The program was repealed in 2014 by the Legislature and the Executive Branch.</li>
<li>In the 2018 amendments to the Puerto Rico Internal Revenue Code the local EITC was reintroduced with a maximum annual investment of approximately $204 million. Thus, the maximum credit increased from $450 in 2013 to $2,000 in 2018.</li>
<li>In 2021 the federal government assigned up to $600 million in annual permanent supplemental funds to improve the local EITC program in Puerto Rico.</li>
<li>In April 2021, Espacios Abiertos (EA), in collaboration with the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (CBPP), provided concrete recommendations to the Legislature with the goal of restructuring the EITC.</li>
<li>For the first time, the new credit included families without dependents as full beneficiaries, along with young people between 19 and 26 years of age and self-employed workers.</li>
<li>In the 2022 fiscal year, once the changes to the redesigned program were in place, approximately 648,000 families received the benefits of this local EITC with an average credit of $1,731. The local government invested some $486 million and the federal government provided approximately $633 million.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Impact Analysis for the EITC’s Main Metrics</strong></p>
<p><strong>Main Characteristics</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>For tax year 2023, the credit is available to individuals aged 19 and older who generate income that can be classified as wages, salary, tips, self-employment, and pensions.</li>
<li>The credit varies depending on the amount of gross income earned (less than $48,557), personal status (single or married) and the number of qualifying dependents (taxpayer’s children under age 18 and under age 25 if they are full-time students).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Maximum EITC</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>The maximum credits are $1,656 for families with no dependents, $3,864 for families with one dependent, $6,072 for families with two dependents, and $7,173 for families with three or more dependents.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>EITC’s Total Cost</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Total program spending was approximately $1.061 billion for 2021 and $1.119 billion for 2022 with a corresponding expenditure for the local government of $461 million and $486 million, respectively.</li>
<li>The Puerto Rico Treasury Department (Treasury Department) projects that for the 2023 tax year, program spending would amount to $1,293 million.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Average EITC</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>The average value increased by 5.4% and went from $1,642 in 2021 to $1,731 in 2022. Considering that in 2022 the median household income in Puerto Rico was $24,002, the average EITC of $1,731 represents 7.2% of household income.</li>
<li>There were 1,193,510 income tax returns filed by taxpayers in 2023 (tax returns pertaining to tax year 2022). Thus, the number of families that filed tax returns between tax years 2021 and 2022 went from approximately 1.23 million families to 1.19 million, a year-over-year decrease of almost 3%.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Personal Status</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>During the 2022 tax year, 566,423 families (88% of total families) claimed the EITC by filing individual tax returns, and 80,048 families (12% of total families) filed joint tax returns as married couples. As a reminder, married families filing separately do not qualify for the EITC.</li>
<li>The average credit for individual filers was $1,666 and $2,189 for married couples. In other words, on average, the credit amount received by families filing individually is about 24% lower than the amount received by married couples.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Sex</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>During tax year 2022, 325,575 income tax returns (approximately 50% of the total tax returns claiming the credit) were filed by female taxpayers, 319,246 tax returns (approximately 49% of total returns) were filed by male taxpayers, and 1,650 tax returns did not indicate the taxpayers’ sex.</li>
<li>The average credit for female claimants was $1,839, $1,623 for male claimants and $1,238 for claimants who omitted to check the sex box.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Age</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>The age group recipient of the highest average EITC was the 35- to 40-year-old group, which received $2,558 (this group represents approximately 79,775 families, 12% of the total tax returns claiming the credit).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Number of Dependents</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Taxpayers with no dependents received an average EITC of $1,043, while those with one dependent received an average of $2,615, $4,102 was the average for those with two dependents, and $4,780 for those with 3 or more dependents.</li>
<li>The tax returns claiming no dependents totaled 453,462 families (70% of the total number of families claiming the credit), those who claimed one dependent were 105,898 families (16% of total claimants), those with two dependents amounted to 69,799 (about 11% of the total credit claimed) and those with three or more dependents reached 17,312 families (approximately 3% of the total credit claimed).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Occupation</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Of the total number of tax returns claiming the earned income tax credit in 2022 tax year, 435,737 families (67.4% of total claimants) checked the box marked as “other” instead of choosing one of the specific occupations from the list offered by the Treasury Department. This anomaly when filling the tax return is most likely because they do not find a profession or occupation on the list that fits the reality of the current Puerto Rican job market.</li>
<li>If we analyze the main occupations listed by credit claimants, focusing only on the universe of participants who do report their profession, we see that retirees or pensioners have first place with 79,253 families (about 12% of the total number of credit claimants). The second place in the list is for the customer service representative category, with 15,343 families, followed by the sales cashier with 12,384 families, secretary with 10,716 families and office clerk with 9,632 families.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Average EITC by Largest Source of Income</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>The average credit was very similar for people in the private business sector, local government employees, and self-employed workers, totaling $1,827, $1,821, and $1,818, respectively. Federal government employees had a lower credit amount with an average credit of $1,478, as well as retirees or pensioners, with an average credit of $1,098.</li>
<li>The number of families claiming the EITC who work in the private sector totaled 404,138 (62.5% of the total number of families claiming the credit), self-employed families totaled 92,598 (14.3% of total claimants), retirees or pensioners totaled 79,253 (12.3% of total families), those working for the local government totaled 62,139 families (9.6% of total families), and finally, those working for the federal government totaled 5,596 families (0.9% of total families).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Municipalities</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>The five municipalities with the most families claiming the EITC are: San Juan with 54,746 families (8.5% of the total number of families claiming the credit), Bayamón with 33,954 families (5% of the total), Carolina with 28,016 families (4% of the total), Ponce with 27,899 families (4% of the total), and Caguas with 22,954 families (3.6% of the total). On the other hand, the municipalities with the fewest EITC claims are: Culebra (259 families), Vieques (1,026 families), Maricao (1,246 families), Las Marías (1,860 families), and Maunabo (2,104 families).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Gross Earned Income of EITC Claimants</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Total gross earned income increased between the 2021 and 2022 tax years by 6.6%, from $9,474.6 million to $10,101.1 million. The maximum average credit for the 2022 tax year, based on the gross earned income threshold, was $2,422 and it benefited claimants with gross earned income between $14,000 and $14,500, representing 13,070 families (2% of the total of those claiming the credit).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Participation Rate (“Take-Up” Rate)</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>For tax returns filed in 2022, the total sum of the EITC claimed amounted to approximately $1.06 billion and impacted approximately 645,047 families.</li>
<li>For that year, and according to the latest available data that Espacios Abiertos obtained from the Treasury Department, the participation rate in the EITC program was 87.2%. That is, out of 748,651 families that would potentially qualify for the credit, 645,047 families claimed it.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Economic Security</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>In 2021, Espacios Abiertos projected that about 125,000 people would improve their economic security by exceeding the federal poverty threshold through the expansion of the new EITC. The study modeled the parameters of the credit expansion beginning in 2021 with data from about 1.2 million 2019 tax returns.</li>
<li>For tax year 2022, according to a joint analysis between the Treasury Department and Espacios Abiertos, 648,359 families improved their economic security through the EITC. 298,051 families (46% of the total number of families claiming the credit) improved their economic security but failed to surpass the federal poverty threshold, <strong>64,260 families or 126,014 people (10% of the total) exceeded the federal poverty threshold</strong>, and 286,048 families (44% of the total) improved their economic security, although they were already above the federal poverty threshold before receiving the EITC.</li>
<li>It is important to highlight the progressive nature of the EITC program. That is, claimants with lower gross earned income receive a greater proportion of the credit. The average income of the group that did not make it above the federal poverty threshold was $10,525 with an average credit of $2,115 (17% of their new income is due to the credit). For the total population claiming the incentive, the credit represented 10% of their new income, and, finally, for the group that was already above the federal poverty threshold, the credit averaged 5% of their new income.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Poverty Rate</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Between 2006 and 2022, according to U.S. Census data, poverty has been reduced by 3.7 percentage points. That is, according to the U.S. Census, poverty declined by 3.7 percentage points in 17 years.</li>
<li>The 2022 EITC pushed 126,014 people over the federal poverty threshold. In other words, the EITC reduced poverty by 3.9 percentage points in one year, that is 0.2 percentage points more than the reduction in poverty Puerto Rico had seen in the previous 17 years.<strong style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;"> </strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Labor Force Participation Rate</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>In the last 18 years, since the 2006 government shutdown crisis in Puerto Rico, the labor force participation rate has declined by 5.1 percentage points.</li>
<li>Without studies that separate the multiplicity of factors that influence the labor market in Puerto Rico, 100% of the increase in the labor force participation rate cannot be attributed to the EITC program. While empirical evidence suggests that there is a possible causal relationship between the impact caused by the implementation and expansion of EITC programs and the increase in the labor force.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Federal Contribution to Puerto Rico’s EITC</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>The federal contribution to Puerto Rico’s EITC program is 56.6% of the total credit, a much lower proportion than the federal contribution to the credits received by residents of the 50 states and Washington, D.C., which totals 90.5%.</li>
<li>When it comes to local contributions in the 2022 tax year, in percentage terms, no state or jurisdiction contributed more to the EITC of their residents than Puerto Rico. On average, the 50 states and Washington, D.C. only contribute 9.5% to their respective state or jurisdiction&#8217;s EITC. However, Puerto Rico contributes 43.4% to its locally funded EITC. No state or jurisdiction exceeded this amount in 2022.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Federal Government Net Contribution per Capita</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Puerto Rico is not the only U.S. jurisdiction to have, or to historically have had, a negative per capita financial or economic balance with the federal government.</li>
<li>There were 25 other U.S. jurisdictions with a deficit in net federal expenditures in 2022. However, that fact does not exclude them from full access to federal programs such as the federal EITC.</li>
<li>Seven of the twenty-five states have greater deficits in net federal expenditures per capita deficit than Puerto Rico yet receive more than double the island&#8217;s federal contribution to the EITC.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Recommendation</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>An increase in the federal contribution cap from the $668.8 million the program will receive this year to $1 billion.</li>
<li>That would mean that if the cost of the program amounts to $1.3 billion (which is approximately what the Treasury Department projects the program will cost in 2023), Puerto Rico would contribute $300 million and the federal government $1 billion, an effort ratio closer to what was originally contemplated.</li>
</ul>
</div> </div> </div></div></div></div></div></section>
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			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Blog &#8211; Mirada a los datos más recientes del crédito por trabajo (2023)</title>
		<link>https://espaciosabiertos.org/contribucion/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Daniel Santamaría Ots]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 05 Apr 2024 15:32:17 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Acceso a datos abiertos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Blog]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pobreza y desigualdad]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Crédito por trabajo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Earned Income Tax Credit]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Economic Security]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EITC]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Seguridad Económica]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://espaciosabiertos.org/?p=15287</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="wpb-content-wrapper"><section class="l-section wpb_row height_medium"><div class="l-section-h i-cf"><div class="g-cols type_default"><div class="vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column vc_column_container"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div class="wpb_text_column "><div class="wpb_wrapper"><strong>Introducción e histórico del crédito por trabajo en Puerto Rico</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>El crédito por trabajo (EITC, por sus siglas en inglés) es un programa de bienestar social que tiene como objetivo reducir la pobreza a través del incentivo al trabajo.</li>
<li>El EITC, que fue desarrollado por el gobierno federal a mediados de la década de los setenta, ha demostrado ser muy efectivo incentivando el trabajo formal, aumentando la tasa de participación laboral y reduciendo la pobreza en múltiples jurisdicciones de los EE.UU.</li>
<li>A pesar de los desafíos de pobreza y participación laboral, Puerto Rico ha carecido siempre de un crédito por trabajo federal.</li>
<li>En el año 2006, Puerto Rico sí apostó por un crédito por trabajo de factura local que se mantuvo vigente entre 2007 y 2013. En su último año, el crédito benefició a unas 506,000 familias y contó con una inversión local de $152 millones y un crédito promedio de $300.</li>
<li>El crédito fue derogado en 2014 por la Asamblea Legislativa y la Rama Ejecutiva.</li>
<li>En la enmienda del Código de Rentas Internas de Puerto Rico de 2018 se reintrodujo el crédito por trabajo local con una inversión máxima de aproximadamente $204 millones anuales. Así, el crédito máximo se aumentó de $450 en 2013 a $2,000 en 2018.</li>
<li>El gobierno federal asignó en el 2021 una partida complementaria permanente de hasta $600 millones anuales para mejorar el crédito por trabajo local en Puerto Rico.</li>
<li>En abril de 2021, a través de una colaboración con el Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (CBPP), Espacios Abiertos (EA) dio recomendaciones concretas a la Asamblea Legislativa para rediseñar el crédito por trabajo.</li>
<li>El nuevo crédito incorporó por primera vez como beneficiarios plenos a familias sin dependientes, a jóvenes de 19 a 26 años y a cuentapropistas.</li>
<li>En el año contributivo 2022 el crédito benefició a alrededor de 648,000 familias y contó con un crédito promedio de $1,731, una inversión local de aproximadamente $486 millones y una inversión del gobierno federal de unos $633 millones.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Principales medidas, impacto y evolución</strong></p>
<p><strong>Características principales</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Para el año contributivo 2023, el crédito está disponible para personas de 19 años en adelante que generen ingresos clasificados como salario, sueldo, propina, trabajo por cuenta propia y pensión.</li>
<li>El crédito varía en función del monto del ingreso bruto ganado (inferior a $48,557), su estado personal (soltero/a o casado/a) y el número de dependientes cualificados (hijas o hijos del contribuyente con edades inferiores a 18 años y menores de 25 años si estudian a tiempo completo).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Crédito máximo</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Los créditos máximos ascienden a $1,656 para familias sin dependientes, $3,864 para familias con un dependiente, $6,072 para familias con dos dependientes y $7,173 para familias con tres o más dependientes.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Gasto total del programa</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>El gasto total del programa fue de aproximadamente $1,061 millones para 2021 y $1,119 millones para 2022 con un gasto correspondiente para el gobierno local de $461 millones y $486 millones respectivamente.</li>
<li>El Departamento de Hacienda de Puerto Rico (Hacienda) proyecta que para el año contributivo 2023 el gasto del programa ascendería a $1,293 millones.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Crédito por trabajo promedio</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>El valor promedio aumentó en un 5.4% y pasó de $1,642 en 2021 a $1,731 en 2022. Es decir, teniendo en cuenta que en 2022 la mediana de ingreso por hogar en Puerto Rico fue de $24,002, el crédito por trabajo promedio de $1,731 representaría un 7.2% del ingreso por hogar.</li>
<li>El número total de planillas radicadas por los contribuyentes en 2023, es decir, las que atañen al año contributivo 2022, totalizó 1,193,510 planillas. De ese modo, el número de familias que radicó planillas entre los años contributivos 2021 y 2022, pasó de aproximadamente 1.23 millones de familias a 1.19 millones, disminuyendo en casi un 3% interanual.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Estado personal</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Durante el año contributivo 2022, 566,423 familias (88% del total) reclamaron crédito por trabajo sometiendo planilla individual y 80,048 familias (12% del total) sometieron planillas conjuntas como parejas casadas. Recordemos que familias casadas que rinden por separado no cualifican para el crédito por trabajo.</li>
<li>El crédito promedio de reclamantes que sometieron planillas individualmente fue de $1,666 y de $2,189 para parejas casadas. Es decir, en promedio, las familias que someten de manera individual tienen un crédito promedio que está alrededor de un 24% por debajo que las parejas casadas.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Sexo</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Durante el año contributivo 2022, 325,575 planillas (alrededor del 50% del total de las planillas que reclaman el crédito) fueron radicadas por contribuyentes de sexo femenino, 319,246 planillas (aproximadamente el 49% del total) por contribuyentes de sexo masculino y unas 1,650 no marcaron sexo.</li>
<li>El crédito promedio de reclamantes de sexo femenino fue de $1,839, de $1,623 para reclamantes de sexo masculino y de $1,238 para reclamantes que omitieron la casilla de sexo.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Edad </strong></p>
<ul>
<li>El grupo de edad que recibió el crédito por trabajo promedio más alto fue el de las personas de 35 a 40 años, quienes recibieron $2,558 (este grupo representa aproximadamente 79,775 familias, un 12% del total de planillas que reclaman el crédito).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Dependientes</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>El crédito por trabajo promedio para reclamantes del crédito sin dependientes fue de $1,043, los que tenían un dependiente recibieron un promedio de $2,615, de $4,102 para los de dos dependientes y de $4,780 para los que tenían 3 o más dependientes.</li>
<li>Las planillas sin dependientes sumaron 453,462 familias (un 70% del total de las planillas que reclamaron el crédito), las de un dependiente fueron 105,898 familias (16% del total), las de dos dependientes fueron 69,799 (alrededor del 11% del crédito total reclamado) y las de tres o más alcanzaron 17,312 familias (aproximadamente el 3% del crédito total reclamado).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Ocupación</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Del total de planillas que reclamaron el crédito por trabajo en el año contributivo 2022, 435,737 familias (el 67.4% del total) marcó la casilla de “otros” en lugar de elegir el nombre concreto de su ocupación del listado ofrecido por Hacienda. Esa anomalía al llenar la planilla se produce muy probablemente porque no encuentren en el listado una profesión u oficio que se ajuste a la realidad del mercado laboral actual puertorriqueño.</li>
<li>Si analizamos las principales ocupaciones de los reclamantes del crédito centrándonos solamente en el universo de participantes que sí informa su profesión, obtenemos que la primera posición la ocupan los retirados o pensionados con 79,253 familias (alrededor del 12% del total de reclamantes del crédito). La segunda es la de representante de servicio al cliente, con 15,343 familias, seguida por la de cajero de ventas con 12,384 familias, secretaria con 10,716 familias y oficinista con 9,632 familias.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Crédito por trabajo según fuente de mayor ingreso</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>El crédito promedio fue muy similar para los reclamantes de la empresa privada, empleados del gobierno local y trabajadores por cuenta propia totalizando $1,827, $1,821 y $1,818 respectivamente. Por último, y con un crédito menor, figuran los empleados del gobierno federal, con un crédito promedio de $1,478, y los retirados o pensionados, con un crédito promedio de $1,098.</li>
<li>Las planillas de familias que reclamaron el crédito por trabajo que trabajan en la empresa privada totalizaron 404,138 (62.5% del total de las planillas que reclamaron el crédito), las de familias que trabajan por cuenta propia fueron 92,598 (14.3% del total), las de retirados o pensionados sumaron 79,253 (12.3% del total), las que trabajan para el gobierno local sumaron 62,139 familias (9.6% del total), y, por último, las que trabajan para el gobierno federal ascendieron a 5,596 familias (0.9% del total).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Municipios</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Los cinco municipios que tienen más familias reclamando el crédito por trabajo son San Juan con 54,746 familias (8.5% del total de familias reclamantes del crédito), Bayamón con 33,954 familias (5% del total), Carolina con 28,016 familias (4% del total), Ponce con 27,899 familias (4% del total) y Caguas con 22,954 familias (3.6% del total). Por otro lado, los municipios que menos reclamaciones de crédito por trabajo tienen son Culebra (259 familias), Vieques (1,026 familias), Maricao (1,246 familias), Las Marías (1,860 familias) y Maunabo (2,104 familias).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Ingreso bruto ganado de los reclamantes del crédito</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>El ingreso bruto ganado total aumentó entre los años contributivos 2021 y 2022 en un 6.6%, pasando de $9,474.6 millones a $10,101.1 millones. El crédito promedio máximo para el año contributivo 2022, según el umbral de ingreso bruto ganado, fue de $2,422 y se dio para los reclamantes que tenían un ingreso bruto ganado entre $14,000 y $14,500, lo que representa 13,070 familias (2% del total de las que reclamaron el crédito).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Tasa de participación</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Para las planillas radicadas en 2022, la cantidad total del crédito por trabajo reclamado ascendió a aproximadamente $1,060 millones e impactó a aproximadamente 645,047 familias.</li>
<li>Para ese año, y según los últimos datos disponibles que Espacios Abiertos obtuvo de Hacienda, se alcanzó una tasa de participación en el programa del crédito por trabajo de 87.2%. Es decir, de 748,651 familias que potencialmente cualificarían para el crédito, 645,047 familias lo reclamaron.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Seguridad económica</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>En 2021, Espacios Abiertos proyectó que unas 125,000 personas mejorarían su seguridad económica rebasando el umbral de pobreza federal a través de la expansión del nuevo crédito por trabajo. El estudio modeló los parámetros de la expansión del crédito que inició en 2021 con datos de alrededor de 1.2 millones de planillas de 2019.</li>
<li>Para el año contributivo 2022, según análisis conjunto entre Hacienda y Espacios Abiertos, 648,359 familias mejoraron su seguridad económica a través del crédito por trabajo. 298,051 familias (46% del total de familias que reclamaron el crédito) mejoraron su seguridad económica pero no lograron rebasar el umbral de pobreza federal, <strong>64,260 familias o 126,014 personas (10% del total) rebasaron el umbral de pobreza federal</strong> y 286,048 familias (44% del total) mejoraron su seguridad económica, aunque ya estaban por encima del umbral de pobreza federal antes de recibir el crédito por trabajo.</li>
<li>Es importante destacar la progresividad del incentivo del crédito por trabajo. Es decir, el crédito llega en mayor proporción a los que tienen menor ingreso bruto ganado. El ingreso promedio del grupo que no logra rebasar el umbral de pobreza federal fue de $10,525 y el crédito promedio fue de $2,115 (un 17% de su nuevo ingreso es debido al crédito). Para el promedio de la población total que reclama el incentivo, el crédito representó un 10% de su nuevo ingreso, y, por último, para el grupo que estaba por encima del umbral federal, el crédito fue en promedio un 5% de su nuevo ingreso.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Tasa de pobreza</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Entre 2006 y 2022, según datos del Censo de EE. UU., la pobreza se ha reducido en un 3.7 puntos porcentuales. Es decir, según el Censo, la pobreza se redujo en un 3.7 puntos porcentuales en 17 años.</li>
<li>El crédito por trabajo de 2022 hizo que 126,014 personas rebasaran el límite de pobreza federal. Es decir, el crédito por trabajo redujo la pobreza en 3.9 puntos porcentuales en un año, un 0.2 puntos porcentuales más de lo que se redujo la pobreza en Puerto Rico en 17 años.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Participación laboral</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>En los últimos 18 años, desde la crisis del cierre de gobierno 2006 en Puerto Rico, la tasa de participación laboral ha disminuido en 5.1 puntos porcentuales.</li>
<li>Sin estudios que desagreguen la multiplicidad de factores que influyen el mercado laboral en Puerto Rico, es inadecuado atribuir el 100% del aumento en tasa de participación laboral al programa de crédito por trabajo. Si bien es cierto que la evidencia empírica destaca la posible relación causal entre el impacto de la implementación y expansión de programas de crédito por trabajo y el aumento en la fuerza laboral.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Aportación del gobierno federal al crédito por trabajo</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>La aportación del gobierno federal al crédito por trabajo es el 56.6% del crédito por trabajo total de la isla. Muy inferior a la aportación del gobierno federal a los 50 estados y Washington, D.C. que asciende al 90.5% del total de crédito por trabajo que reciben los residentes de los estados y Washington, D.C.</li>
<li>Por otro lado, cuando hablamos de la aportación de los gobiernos locales al crédito, no hay ninguna jurisdicción estadounidense que contribuya tanto como Puerto Rico. La isla contribuye al crédito total financiando un 43.4% del programa, a diferencia de los 50 estados más Washington, D.C. que en promedio contribuyen en un escaso 9.5% a la totalidad de sus programas de crédito por trabajo.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Contribución neta per cápita con el gobierno federal</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Puerto Rico no es la única jurisdicción de EE. UU. que tiene o ha tenido históricamente un saldo financiero o económico per cápita negativo con el gobierno federal.</li>
<li>En 2022 existen otras 25 jurisdicciones estadounidenses que tienen una contribución neta per cápita negativa con el gobierno federal. Sin embargo, ese hecho no hace que queden excluidos del acceso pleno a programas federales como lo es el crédito por trabajo federal.</li>
<li>7 de los 25 estados que registran un déficit per cápita más negativo que el de Puerto Rico y, sin embargo, reciben más del doble que la isla en la aportación federal al crédito por trabajo.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Recomendación</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Aumento en el tope de la contribución federal de los $668.8 millones que contribuirá este año al programa a $1,000 millones.</li>
<li>Eso significaría que si el costo del programa asciende a $1,300 millones (que es alrededor de lo que Hacienda proyecta que costará en el 2023), Puerto Rico contribuiría $300 millones y el gobierno federal $1,000 millones, una proporción de esfuerzo más cercana a la que originalmente se contempló que existiría.</li>
</ul>
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		<title>Policy Report &#8211; Federal Contribution to Puerto Rico&#8217;s Earned Income Tax Credit Program: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities</title>
		<link>https://espaciosabiertos.org/policy-brief-federal-contribution-to-puerto-ricos-earned-income-tax-credit-program-progress-challenges-and-opportunities/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Cecille]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 05 Apr 2024 04:24:35 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[English]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pobreza y desigualdad]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Publicaciones]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Crédito por trabajo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Earned Income Tax Credit]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Economic Security]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EITC]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pobreza]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Poverty]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Seguridad Económica]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://espaciosabiertos.org/?p=15311</guid>

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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="wpb-content-wrapper"><section class="l-section wpb_row height_medium"><div class="l-section-h i-cf"><div class="g-cols type_default"><div class="vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column vc_column_container"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div class="wpb_text_column "><div class="wpb_wrapper"><p>Access <strong>Espacios Abiertos</strong>&#8216; most recent report/policy brief on Puerto Rico&#8217;s Earned Income Tax Credit authored by <strong>Daniel Santamaria Ots, Enrique Colón Bacó and José Zavala</strong> <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UEywCnPxJrwHVMHwyBpxmBs_OqbDY0nG/view?usp=drive_link">thru this link</a>.  Excerpt below.</p>
<p>____</p>
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<p>Aware of the great potential that an expanded EITC program could have on addressing Puerto Rico&#8217;s persistently high poverty rate and low labor force participation rate, in 2021 the federal government assigned up to $600 million in annual permanent supplemental funds to improve the local EITC program in Puerto Rico. In April 2021, Espacios Abiertos (EA), in collaboration with the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (CBPP), provided concrete recommendations to the Legislature with the goal of restructuring the EITC10. The redesign of the new credit significantly increased the maximum credits, incorporated future annual inflation increases in the credit, and expanded the program&#8217;s eligibility categories.</p>
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<p>For the first time, the new credit included families without dependents as full beneficiaries, along with young people between 19 and 26 years of age and self- employed workers. In the 2022 fiscal year, once the changes to the redesigned program were in place, approximately 648,000 families received the benefits of this local EITC with an average credit of $1,731. The local government invested some $486 million and the federal government provided approximately $633 million.</p>
<p>Given this background on the origin and development of the EITC program on the island, this report consists of four sections addressing several issues:</p>
<ul>
<li>First, it will evaluate the main measures of the program’s impact: total credit, average credit, number of families requesting the credit, credit by personal status, credit by sex, credit by age, credit by number of dependents, credit by occupation, credit by highest source of income, credit by municipality, gross earned income of credit claimants, and credit participation rate;</li>
<li>Second, it will analyze the credit&#8217;s ability to increase economic security for families receiving the incentive, quantify those that manage to exceed the federal poverty threshold, and assess what we can conclude about the program&#8217;s impact on the island&#8217;s labor force participation rate.</li>
<li>Third, it will evaluate Puerto Rico&#8217;s access to federal funding for the EITC program and compare Puerto Rico&#8217;s local and federal funding of the EITC to that of the 50 U.S. states and Washington, D.C.; and</li>
<li>Finally, it will conclude with public policy recommendations.
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		<title>Policy Report &#8211; Our Dollars and Their Data: a Look at the 2021 Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and Child Tax Credit (CTC)</title>
		<link>https://espaciosabiertos.org/policy-brief-our-dollars-and-their-data-a-look-at-the-2021-earned-income-tax-credit-and-child-tax-credit/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Cecille]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 14 Nov 2022 18:00:02 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[English]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Publicaciones]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[American Rescue Plan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ARPA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Child Tax Credit]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Crédito por trabajo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CTC]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Earned Income Tax Credit]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Economic Security]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EITC]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Poverty]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Seguridad Económica]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://espaciosabiertos.org/?p=14847</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="wpb-content-wrapper"><section class="l-section wpb_row height_medium"><div class="l-section-h i-cf"><div class="g-cols type_default"><div class="vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column vc_column_container"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div class="wpb_text_column "><div class="wpb_wrapper"><p>Access the full report (English version) authored by Policy Analyst <strong>Wilmarí de Jesús Alvarez</strong>, through this <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-Wrh84XkLiJnmFGlkIVeWvLGC6frOnNu/view?usp=drive_link">link</a>.  View other links to related documents at the bottom of the page.</p>
<p><strong>Excerpt from the Report: Recommendations</strong></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Accountability and monitoring of the return on investment</span></p>
<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Puerto Rico Department of the Treasury should use the methodology specified in ARPA and the requirements specified in Law No. 41 of 2021 to quantify and report on the amount the public coffers reimburse in EITC and thereby resolve the confusion caused by the lack of uniformity in indistinctly reporting the amount disbursed and amount claimed.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">In order to ensure that any detail(s) in the next tax cycle can be rectified and, if necessary, amendment(s) may be made to the Puerto Rico income tax code with respect to the EITC, the local Treasury Department should publish an annual report on the impact of this measure before the close of the current legislative session or the beginning of the next tax cycle.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The figures still to be reported by the Department of the Treasury are essential for confirming whether there was an excess disbursement of one hundred percent of the amount budgeted by the government of Puerto Rico. If this was the case, there must unquestionably be modifications to the controls established by the Department. In addition, and from the most favorable angle, this situation could suggest that Puerto Rico has the ability to budget up to an additional $200 million for the EITC, that is, $400 million per year, to incentivize formal work and relieve the financial insecurity of thousand of working families who earn less than $42,000 per year.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Need to carry out a qualitative analysis, through public policy laboratories, collaborations with academia, and surveys of participants in the EITC, which will allow measurement of the effectiveness of the EITC in improving the poverty rate among families and increasing the labor participation rate.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Expansion of impact and improvement in efficiency</span></p>
<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Ensure that every household that files a tax return with the Department of the Treasury and is eligible for one, the other, or both credits (EITC and CTC) but does not apply, be notified of its eligibility and that in the case of the EITC (since it is locally designed and implemented), that credit be accredited or reimbursed automatically.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Double the annual assignment of EITC moneys in the budget of Puerto Rico (to $400 million), with the federal government’s commitment to do the same (that is, assign up to $1.2 billion) in order to combat poverty, while at the same time incentivizing formal work and reducing the abysmal difference between the poverty rate in Puerto Rico and that rate in the poorest jurisdictions in the United States.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Evaluate mechanisms that will allow, in collaboration with the IRS and within the existing legal and judicial order, the processing of the CTC by the Department of the Treasury from now on, in order to ensure agile disbursement of the credit for the universe of households that now file with the local government, as well as other families eligible locally for that credit.</span></li>
</ul>
<p>Related links:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1b7ccyDmjlj69gOJCrGBvYVkP1XY7REv5/view?usp=drive_link">Resumen de hallazgos (en español)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1--PUXwSJ8Xj0AYXLVn3ExiRR8EdWwFuJ/view?usp=drive_link">Lecciones aprendidas (en español)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-2FKEDSan3VDP8wZzubZXcaj6o3u9D-H/view?usp=drive_link">Letter to the Secretary of the Treasury/Hacienda (in Spanish)</a></li>
</ul>
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		<title>Policy Report &#8211; The New Earned Income Tax Credit and Its Impact on Poverty in Puerto Rico</title>
		<link>https://espaciosabiertos.org/policy-brief-the-new-earned-income-tax-credit-and-its-impact-on-poverty-in-puerto-rico/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Cecille]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Dec 2021 18:00:26 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[English]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Publicaciones]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[American Rescue Plan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ARPA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Crédito por trabajo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Economic Security]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EITC]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pobreza]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Poverty]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Seguridad Económica]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://espaciosabiertos.org/?p=14835</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="wpb-content-wrapper"><section class="l-section wpb_row height_medium"><div class="l-section-h i-cf"><div class="g-cols type_default"><div class="vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column vc_column_container"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div class="wpb_text_column "><div class="wpb_wrapper"><strong>Espacios Abiertos</strong> estimates that around 125,000 people or 54,920 families or taxpayers units could cross the poverty line in Puerto Rico.  These estimates are done by incorporating the parameters of the redesigned work credit (Earned Income Tax Credit, local EITC) to the filed returns for the tax year 2019.</p>
<p>EA&#8217;s policy brief “<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cZvN6R9xpF5WQ3GoHqmBclVaGvhxBhU9/view?usp=sharing">The New Earned Income Tax Credit and its Impact on Poverty in Puerto Rico</a>”, indicates that the local EITC has the potential to help around 420,683 people (216,393 taxpayers units) increase their levels of economic security, since in addition to the 54,920 taxpayers who would cross the poverty line, another 161,473 taxpayers would have the possibility of being less poor in economic terms.</p>
<p>Although there is still a long way to go to encourage formal work with decent wages in Puerto Rico, the credit—coupled with the increase in the minimum wage—points in the right direction. Espacios Abiertos will continue to evaluate the effectiveness of the new credit for work with the purpose of providing empirical evidence on its real impact on the living conditions of thousands of Puerto Rican families.</p>
<p>The potential increase in the number of taxpayers who could benefit from the new credit is due to three factors: the inclusion of young people between 19 and 26 years old (76,426 taxpayers), the entry of self-employed workers (13,238 taxpayers) and the expansion of the taxpayer base by increasing the maximum income limit of applicants for the new credit according to the new law (121,885 taxpayers) who did not qualify in 2019.</p>
<p>If we apply the parameters of the new credit that will be in effect in 2022, to the returns that were filed in the 2019 tax year,  211,549 taxpayers (349,152 people) could receive the credit in addition to the 254,757 taxpayers (496,149 people) who qualified in 2019, impacting in total a potential 466,306 taxpayer units (845,301 people) in Puerto Rico.</p>
<p>Using the demographic and socioeconomic composition of the 2019 taxpayer units, the credit could average approximately $1,800 per taxpayer.</p>
<p>Access the full report and executive summary through the following links:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1VQd10KxH7XbaJd5c9sMhWDspfuCGEXcJ/view?usp=sharing">Download the public policy paper “The New Earned Income Tax Credit and its Impact on Poverty in Puerto Rico“</a> (2021)</li>
<li><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1KYNFCfsrjrssmbn2aigqvw6NJZc2wIxV/view?usp=sharing">Download the executive summary “The New Earned Income Tax Credit and its Impact on Poverty in Puerto Rico“</a> (2021)</li>
<li><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cZvN6R9xpF5WQ3GoHqmBclVaGvhxBhU9/view?usp=sharing">Descarga el informe de política pública “El nuevo crédito por trabajo y su impacto en la pobreza en Puerto Rico”</a> (2021)</li>
<li><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gUSFVPXD2FFlbU2RClgRWFMzhcM_gLjN/view?usp=sharing">Descarga el resumen ejecutivo “El nuevo crédito por trabajo y su impacto en la pobreza en Puerto Rico”</a> (2021)</li>
</ul>
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